Flexible heat exchangers

ABSTRACT

A heat exchanger for heating or cooling objects is flexible and can conform to surface profiles of objects to be warmed or cooled. The heat exchanger has a volume having at least one inlet for receiving a heat exchange fluid and at least one outlet. A flexible plate essentially impermeable to the heat exchange fluid is penetrated by substantially rigid thermally conductive members. The members provide paths of high thermal conductivity through the plate. The heat exchange fluid may be water based.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to heat exchangers. The invention has broad application to heat exchangers used to deliver heat to or remove heat from objects as diverse as electrical or electronic devices or equipment, mechanical devices such as transmissions, spindles, compressors and engines, scientific and medical apparatus, living creatures, and the like.

BACKGROUND

There are numerous situations where it is desirable to remove heat from an object or to deliver heat to an object. Various types of heat exchanger exist. Air cooled heat sinks are structures which take heat from an object and dissipate the heat into ambient air. Such heat sinks typically consist of a finned piece of thermally conductive material having a face which can be placed in thermal contact with an object, such as an electronic component, to be cooled. Some heat sinks are equipped with fans located to flow air past the fins to improve the rate at which heat is dissipated.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,549,411 B1 discloses a flexible heat sink that can be attached to a generally flat surface of an object. The heat sink can flex to conform to the surface of the object to achieve improved contact with the object, and hence increase the efficiency of heat transfer between the heat sink and the object. U.S. Pat. No. 6,367,541 B2 discloses a heat sink that can be attached to multiple electronic chips which have different heights. The heat sink dissipates heat from the chips into ambient air.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,093 discloses a flexible bag filled with thermal transfer fluid useful for thawing frozen foods. U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,978 discloses a flexible pack containing a gel. The pack can be cooled and applied to a patient for cold therapy. The pack conforms to surface contours of the patient's body. These devices have limited cooling capacities.

More sophisticated heat exchangers use a heat exchange fluid, typically a liquid, instead of ambient air to carry heat away from or provide heat to an object to be cooled or heated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,615 discloses a flexible heat exchanger with circulating water as a coolant for cooling a notebook computer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,336 discloses a flexible heating or cooling pad with circulating fluid for therapeutically treating the orbital, frontal, nasal and peri-oral regions of a patient's head. U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,347 B 1 discloses a flexible heat exchange structure having fluid-conducting channels formed between two layers of flexible material for heat/cold and pressure therapy. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,045 B1 and 6,375,674 B1 disclose a flexible medical pad with an adhesive surface for adhering the pad to the skin of a patient. U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,412 discloses a flexible enveloping member for enveloping a head, neck, and upper back of a mammal for cooling the brain of the mammal suffering a brain injury. All of these heat exchangers require heat to pass through a layer of some flexible material such as rubber, or a flexible plastic such as polyurethane. In addition, heat is exchanged between the surface of the flexible material and a circulating fluid. Water is the most commonly used circulating fluid.

Rubber and flexible plastics are poor conductors of heat. To provide a high heat transfer efficiency in a flexible heat exchanger in which heat is transferred across a layer of rubber or plastic the layer must be very thin. This makes such heat exchangers prone to damage. In addition, water is a poor heat conductor. Heat exchange between the flexible material and water is largely dependent on convection. Water flowing over a relatively flat surface will not result in efficient heat exchange.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,063 discloses a heat exchanger having metal screens of fine mesh with internal plastic barriers that at least partly penetrate the screens. The screens are stacked to provide transverse heat conduction relative to longitudinal flow paths. U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,653 discloses a heat transfer panel comprising a woven wire mesh core embedded in a layer of plastic material. The mesh and closure layer extend in the same longitudinal direction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,917 discloses a sheet with electrically insulating thermal conductors embedded in it. The apparatus disclosed in those patents is not adapted for warming or cooling living subjects.

There remains a need for heat exchangers capable of providing high heat transfer rates between the heat exchangers and objects that are not flat, are vibrating or are otherwise difficult to interface to. There is a particular need for such heat exchangers which have high ratio of heat-transfer capacity to contact area.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to heat exchangers. One aspect of the invention provides flexible heat exchange interfaces. The interfaces have plates of elastomeric material penetrated by substantially rigid thermally conductive members. The thermally conductive members have enlarged pads on at least one side of the plate.

The elastomeric material allows the interfaces to flex while the thermally conductive members are operative to channel heat from a higher-temperature side of the interface to a lower-temperature side of the interface.

Another aspect of the invention provides a flexible heat exchanger comprising a volume having an inlet and an outlet. The volume can receive a heat exchange fluid, for example, water or a water-based coolant. The heat exchanger includes a flexible plate. Substantially rigid thermally conductive members extend through a flexible material of the flexible plate from an outside surface of the flexible plate into the volume.

In preferred embodiments the thermally conductive members each have a thermal conductivity of at least 50 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ and preferably at least 100 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹. The thermally conductive elements may be made of materials such as aluminum, copper, gold, silver, alloys of two or more of aluminum, copper, gold, or silver with one another, alloys of one or more of aluminum, copper, gold, or silver with one or more other metals, carbon, graphite, diamond, or sapphire.

The thermally conductive members may cover a substantial portion of the outer surface of the flexible heat exchange plate. For example, the thermally conductive members may be exposed in an area of at least 50%, preferably at least 70% and, in some embodiments, at least 80% of an area of the flexible heat exchange plate.

The flexible material of the plate may comprise an elastomer material. The thermally conductive members may be embedded in the elastomer material by any suitable process. The elastomer material may comprise, for example, natural rubber, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, or a combination of two or more of polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, and silicone. In some embodiments the elastomer material has a thermal conductivity not exceeding 5 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹.

A further aspect of the invention provides a temperature control system comprising a heat exchanger according to the invention, a reservoir containing a heat exchange fluid; a first feed pump connected to feed heat exchange fluid from the reservoir into the heat exchanger and a second feed pump connected to withdraw the heat exchange fluid from the reservoir.

Further aspects of the invention and features of specific embodiments of the invention are described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In drawings which illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the invention:

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are respectively a longitudinal elevational cross-section view; a top plan view and a bottom plan view of a flexible heat exchanger;

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C are respectively a cross-section view; a bottom view; and a top view of the flexible plate of a heat exchanger according to an alternative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2D is a partial view of the outside surface of a heat exchanger having thermally conductive members arranged in a triangular array;

FIG. 2E is a partial view of the outside surface of a heat exchanger having thermally conductive members arranged to provide converging lines of flexible material;

FIG. 2F is a view of the outside surface of a heat exchanger having thermally conductive members arranged in a rectangular array oriented at an angle to a long axis of the heat exchanger;

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are respectively a cross-section view; a bottom view; and a top view of a heat exchanger according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4A through 4L are views of different heat conductors that can be used in heat exchangers according to different embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are respectively an isometric view and a longitudinal elevational section through a pre-curved flexible fluid heat exchanger;

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D are schematic views of heat exchangers according to the invention being applied to cool various types of apparatus;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a heat exchanger according to the invention being used to exchange heat with a very hot object;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are cross-section views of heat exchange interfaces having pads on two sides; and,

FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are schematic views of cooling systems according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION

Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.

Heat exchangers according to the invention have thermally conductive members which can be placed in thermal contact with an object to be heated or cooled. The thermally conductive members pass through a membrane of a flexible material. In some embodiments the membrane is essentially impermeable to a heat exchange fluid that contacts portions of the thermally conductive members that are distal to the object. The membrane permits the heat exchange members to move relative to one another to conform with surface contours of the object. For example, the membrane may permit the members to conform to a convex and/or concave curved surface on the object.

The thermally conductive members accept heat from a higher-temperature side of the membrane, channel the heat through the membrane, and release the heat to a lower-temperature side of the membrane. The members provide much lower thermal resistance than would be the case if the members were not present.

In some embodiments, the members have pads on their ends proximate to the object. The pads are dimensioned and distributed in such a manner that the pads cover a large proportion of a heat exchange area of the membrane. In certain embodiments of the invention, pads of a plurality of the thermally conductive members cover at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, and most preferably at least 80% of an area of the outer side of the membrane.

An inner side of the membrane may define one side of a channel which carries a heat exchange fluid. Heat exchange fluid may be driven to flow through the channel by way of a suitable pumping system to deliver heat to, or draw heat from, the thermally conductive members.

In some embodiments of the invention a plurality of the thermally conductive members have thermally conductive projections, which may comprise, for example, pins, fins, bars, plates or the like that project into the volume of a heat exchanger to form an efficient heat exchange interface with heat exchange fluid in the volume. The projecting pins, fins, bars, plates or the like may or may not be similar in shape or other physical characteristics to the parts of the thermally conductive members that extend through the membrane to form thermal channels through the membrane.

The thermally conductive members may be made of any suitable thermally conductive materials including thermally conductive metals, for example, aluminum, copper, gold, silver, or alloys of these metals with one another and/or with other metals. The thermally conductive members may also be made of non-metals which have high thermal conductivities such as carbon, suitable grades of graphite, diamond, sapphire or the like. Preferably the thermally conductive members are made from materials having thermal conductivities, k, of at least 50 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ and preferably at least 100 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹.

FIGS. 1A through 1C show a heat exchanger 10 according to an embodiment of the invention. Heat exchanger 10 has a heat exchange plate 12 penetrated by a number of thermally conductive members 14. Plate 12 has an outer face 16 and an inner face 18. Heat exchanger 10 has an inside volume 20 and ports 22, 23 by way of which a heat exchange fluid can flow through volume 20. Volume 20 is defined on a front side by plate 12 and on a rear side by a rear wall 24. Side walls 25 extend between plate 12 and rear wall 24. Plate 12, rear wall 24 and side walls 25 are all flexible so that the outer surface 16 of heat exchanger 10 can conform to the local contours of a portion of an object to be heated or cooled.

Thermally conductive members 14 pass through the material 30 of plate 12. Inside ends 26 of thermally conductive members 14 project into volume 20. Ends 26 preferably project significantly into volume 20. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, ends 26 are cut away to provide increased surface area for heat transfer with fluid in volume 20. Each inner end 26 comprises a number of prongs 27. Outer faces 28 of pads 29 on the proximal ends of thermally conductive members 14 can be placed against an object. Pads 29 are separated sufficiently to permit heat exchanger 10 to flex in a desired degree but are preferably closely spaced to maximize the area of outer faces 28 that can be placed against a desired region on an object. For example, in some embodiments, pads 29 are spaced apart from one another by spacings in the range of 0.5 mm to 50 mm. For smaller heat exchangers the spacing between pads 29 is typically at the lower end of this range (i.e. in the range of 0 mm to 5 mm).

In some embodiments, pads 29 have thicknesses in the range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm. Preferably, pads 29 have thicknesses in the range of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. The sizes and dimensions of pads 29 in the plane of plate 12 may be chosen to suit the application, taking into consideration the contours of the object to be cooled or heated.

Thermally conductive members 14 may have reduced cross sectional areas in their portions toward inner face 18 from pads 29. The cross-sectional area of thermally conductive members 14 at the point that thermally conductive members 14 emerge from material 30 on inner face 18 of plate 12 may, for example, be in the range of 20% to 100%, and in some embodiments is 35% to 65%, of the area of pads 29.

Thermally conductive members 14 have lengths sufficient to pass through material 30. In preferred embodiments, members 14 project into volume 20. Thermally conductive members 14 may, for example, project into volume 20 for a distance in the range of 0 mm to 100 mm. For small heat exchangers the projection may be at the lower end of this range (i.e. in the range of 0 mm to 20 mm). The portions of members 14 which project into volume 20 may also function as supports to maintain a minimum spacing between wall 24 and plate 12. These portions may constitute spacing means for preventing rear wall 24 from collapsing against plate 12.

It is not necessary that all thermally conductive members 14 be identical or that all thermally conductive members 14 have equal-sized pads 29 although it is convenient to make heat exchanger 10 with thermally conductive members 14 substantially the same as one another.

Material 30 constitutes a flexible membrane through which thermally conductive members 14 extend. In some embodiments, rear wall 24 is made of material 30. Substantially all of heat exchanger 10, except for thermally conductive members 14, may be made of the same material 30. Material 30 is preferably both flexible and elastically stretchable. Material 30 may, for example, comprise natural rubber or any of a variety of suitable flexible polymers such as polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, a combination of these materials or the like. Material 30, or portions of material 30 may optionally be loaded with particles of one or more thermally conductive materials such as metal or graphite. However, since material 30 is not required to play a significant role in conducting heat, material 30 may be a material having a relatively low thermal conductivity (i.e. a thermal conductivity not exceeding 5 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹) without significantly impairing the function of heat exchanger 10. In some embodiments, material 30 has a hardness in the range of 10 to 80 on the Shore A hardness scale.

Plate 12 may be fabricated using any suitable process. For example, plate 12 may be made by making holes in a sheet of material 30 and inserting thermally conductive members 14 through the holes. The holes may initially have dimensions smaller than corresponding dimensions of thermally conductive members 14 so that material 30 seals around thermally conductive members 14 sufficiently to prevent any significant loss of heat exchange fluid from volume 20. Additionally, or in the alternative, a sealant, such as a suitable glue, may be provided to enhance the seal between thermally conductive members 14 and material 30. Plate 12 may also be made by a suitable plastic manufacturing process such as thermal injection molding, reaction injection molding, compression molding, vacuum forming or casting. In this case, thermally conductive members 14 may be molded into plate 12.

The thickness of material 30 in plate 12 can be selected to provide a desired compromise between flexibility and durability. Since heat exchanger 10 does not rely on material 30 to conduct heat, it is not necessary to make material 30 extremely thin to improve heat conduction. Material 30 may, for example, have a thickness in the range of about 1 mm to 20 mm. In some currently preferred embodiments of the invention, material 30 has a thickness in the range of 3 mm to 7 mm in plate 12.

Projections of material 30, or some other material, may optionally extend into volume 20. Such projections may be positioned to support wall 24 relative to plate 12, to direct the flow of fluid 65 within volume 20 and/or to induce turbulence at selected locations in the flow of fluid 65 in order to provide enhanced thermal contact between thermally conductive members 14 and heat exchange fluid 65. Such projections may constitute spacing means for preventing rear wall 24 from collapsing against plate 12.

Thermally conductive members 14 may be arranged in a wide range of patterns. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, members 14 may be arranged in rows and columns to form a rectangular array, which could be a square array. In some embodiments, members 14 are arranged in rows or columns which are shifted relative to one another as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. This arrangement creates increased turbulence in fluid flowing through volume 20 and hence increases the efficiency of heat transfer between the inner ends of thermally conductive members 14 and fluid 65. In some embodiments, pads of members 14 are arranged in a rectangular array as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 1, while portions of members 14 which project into volume 20 are arranged in rows or columns which are shifted relative to one another as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. In some embodiments, members 14 are arranged in a triangular array, as shown in FIG. 2D.

Flexing of plate 12 may be facilitated by arranging members 14 to provide substantially unbroken lines 31 of material 30 extending generally parallel to one or more axes about which heat exchanger 10 may be flexed. The embodiment shown in FIG. 1B shows two sets of lines 31 of material 30 which extend between adjacent rows and columns of members 14. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2B has one set of parallel lines 31. Lines 31 are not necessarily parallel to one another. For example, FIG. 2E illustrates an arrangement of members 14 which facilitates flexing in such a way as to conform to a portion of the surface of a cone. The array of members 14 is not necessarily aligned with any axis of heat exchanger 10. For example, FIG. 2F shows the outside face of a heat exchanger wherein thermally conductive members 14 are arranged in a rectangular array oriented at an angle, φ, to a long axis of the heat exchanger.

FIGS. 2A to 2F and 3A to 3C illustrate heat exchangers in which faces 28 are substantially flush with material 30 on outer face 16. This arrangement facilitates cleaning, as outer face 16 is substantially smooth. FIGS. 1A to 1C illustrate an embodiment of the invention wherein pads 29 project from material 30 on outer surface 16 of heat exchanger 10. The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1C can be fabricated, for example, by inserting thermally conductive members 14 though holes formed in a sheet of material 30.

Thermally conductive members 14 may take any of a wide variety of forms which provide effective means to transfer heat from a higher-temperature side to a lower-temperature side of the membrane. The members preferably provide good thermal interface between the thermally conductive members and the object to be cooled or heated, good thermal channels across membrane material 30, and good thermal interface between the thermally conductive members and the heat exchange fluid in volume 20 of the thermal exchanger.

Some possible forms for members 14 are illustrated in FIGS. 4A through 4K. It is understood that these possible forms are illustrated as examples and modifications to these examples can be made to obtain a much larger list of examples. In addition, features illustrated in these examples can be swapped or combined partially or fully to obtain an even larger list of examples. FIG. 4A shows a thermally conductive member 14A having a square pad 29 and cylindrical pin 32 as means to channel heat through material 30 and to release heat into (or take heat from) the fluid in volume 20 of the heat exchanger. FIG. 4B shows a thermally conductive member 14B having a circular pad 29 instead of a square pad.

FIG. 4C shows a thermally conductive member 14C wherein both pad 29 and the pin 32 are square in cross-section (like the thermally conductive members of FIGS. 2A to 2C). FIG. 4D shows a thermally conductive member 14D similar to member 14A except that pin 32 has a circumferential groove 33 in its part close to pads 29. Groove 33 receives extra material 30 in an injection molding or casting process to better seal member 14D to material 30. FIG. 4E shows a thermally conductive member 14E wherein a tip of pin 32 is tapered to facilitate insertion into a hole in a sheet of material 30.

FIG. 4F shows a thermally conductive member 14F having a pair of platelike rectangular conductors 34. Conductors 34 carry heat through material 30 and provide a mechanism for releasing heat into (or taking heat from) heat exchange fluid in volume 20. Conductors 34 may be arranged in a V-shape to better transfer heat to fluid flowing past plates 34. Plate-like conductors could also be arranged in other manners such as being parallel with each other. Thermally conductive member 14F has the advantage that it can be made by cutting and folding a thermally conductive sheet material.

FIG. 4G shows a thermally conductive element 14G having a thermal channel portion provided by a tubular pin 36. FIG. 4H shows a thermally conductive member 14H having multiple pins 38 extending from pads 29. Pins 38 provide multiple thermal channels extending from the same pad 29 and projecting into volume 30. Conductive member 14H advantageously provides increased contact area between conductive member 14H and a heat transfer fluid in volume 20. FIGS. 4I and 4J show a thermally conductive member 14I that is designed to reduce the possibility of fluid leaking between material 30 and member 14I. Member 14I may be fabricated in two-pieces 14I-1 and 14I-2 that can be assembled together in a manner that provides good thermal contact between pieces 14I-1 and 14I-2. In the illustrated embodiment, one of the pieces of member 14I has a pin 39 which is received in a corresponding socket 40 (see FIG. 4J) in the other piece. Pin 39 may have an interference fit in socket 40 to keep the two pieces tightly together and to provide good heat transfer between the pieces. A circumferentially extending groove 41 is defined between pieces 14I-1 and 14I-2. Groove 41 receives material 30. The faces of pieces 14I-1 and 14I-2 which contact material 30 may be undercut to provide ridges 42 which help to prevent fluid from leaking past member 14I. The pieces of multi-piece thermally conductive members may be fastened together in other ways which provide thermal contact between the pieces. For example, fastening means such as screws, rivets, or the like may be provided. FIGS. 4K and 4L show a thermally conductive member 14K that is similar to member 14I but is an integral part. Member 14K is designed to be cramped onto material 30. Material 30 projects into a groove 43. The sides of the groove 43 may be cramped together to hold material 30 around the edges of member 14K as shown in FIG. 4L.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show a flexible fluid heat exchanger 50 which is normally curved in the absence of applied forces. Heat exchanger 50 may be used to apply heat to or to cool a substantially cylindrical object. Apart from being curved, heat exchanger 50 is similar to heat exchanger 10 of FIGS. 1A through 1C.

Heat exchangers according to the invention may be pre-formed so that surface 16 has a concave and/or convex curvature in the absence of applied forces. FIGS. 5A and 5B show a heat exchanger in which surface 16 has a pre-formed concave curvature.

Heat exchangers according to the invention may be applied to heating or cooling objects of diverse types. For example, FIG. 6A shows a heat exchanger 10 being used to cool an electric motor 52. Pads 29 contact the curved outer surface 53 of motor 52. FIG. 6B shows a heat exchanger 10 being applied to cool a compressor 54 having an outer housing 55 which has a profile having compound curvature. Pads 29 contact surface 55. Compressors having compound curves are frequently used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. FIGS. 6C and 6D show a heat exchanger 10 being applied to cool an exchange pipe 56. Pads 29 contact an outer cylindrical surface 57 of exhaust pipe 56.

FIG. 7 illustrates schematically a heat exchanger 58 being used to cool an object 59 having a temperature high enough that it could cause degradation of material 30. Heat exchanger 58 is similar to heat exchanger 10 except that pads 29 are spaced away from material 30, members 14 are longer and a heat shield 60 is provided between pads 29 and material 30. Each of thermally conductive members 14 extends through a thermally insulating sleeve 59A. Sleeves 59A protect material 30 from becoming overheated through contact with members 14. Shield 60 protects material 30 from heat radiated by object 59.

Heat exchangers according to the invention may also be used to transfer heat between fluids and/or between solid objects. FIG. 8A shows a heat exchanger 61 comprising a membrane of a material 30 penetrated by thermally conductive members 62. Members 62 have pads 29 on both sides of material 30. As shown in FIG. 8B, pads 29 can optionally comprise fins, pins or other thermally conductive elements disposed to provide improved thermal contact between pad 29 and a surrounding fluid. The heat exchanger 61A illustrated in FIG. 8B has pins 32 projecting from each pad 29. Pads 29 are larger in area than the central portions of members 14 which pass through material 30. The edges of the pads press against the membrane to seal any gap between the member and the membrane so that fluid will not leak from one side to the other.

A suitable circulation system may be used to circulate a heat exchange fluid through the volume 20 of one or more heat exchangers as described herein. Water has a high specific heat capacity which makes water or water-based coolants good for use as a circulating fluid 65 in cases where fluid 65 can operate at temperatures where such coolants are liquid.

It is generally desirable to maintain the pressure of fluid in volume 20 approximately equal to the ambient air pressure surrounding heat exchanger 10. If the pressure within volume 20 is significantly smaller than the ambient air pressure then pressure differences across the walls of volume 20 will tend to collapse volume 20. The projected ends 26 of thermally conductive members 14 or other supports provided in heat exchanger 10 may prevent the walls from complete collapse. If the pressure within volume 20 is significantly larger than the ambient air pressure then heat exchanger 10 will tend to balloon.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a cooling system 100 which includes a heat exchanger 10 and a fluid circulating system 63. Circulation system 63 has an insulated reservoir 64 containing a volume of ice 66. System 63 contains a suitable heat exchange fluid 65, which may be liquid water. System 63 delivers fluid 65 to heat exchanger 10 through delivery conduit 67 and returns coolant to reservoir 63 through a return conduit 68.

A first feed pump 70 upstream from heat exchanger 10 delivers fluid 65 from reservoir 64 to heat exchanger 10. A second feed pump 72 is located downstream from heat exchanger 10. Second feed pump 72 draws fluid 65 from heat exchanger 10 and returns the fluid to reservoir 64. First and second feed pumps 70 and 72 are balanced so that the pressure of fluid 65 within volume 20 of heat exchanger 10 is substantially equal to the ambient air pressure.

One or more bypass valves may be provided to provide better control over fluid pressure within volume 20. In system 100, an adjustable bypass valve 74 is connected between the output of first feed pump 70 and reservoir 64. Bypass valve 74 indirectly regulates the pressure within volume 20. When bypass valve 74 is opened, a larger proportion of fluid 65 is returned to reservoir 64 by way of bypass conduit 75 and the amount of fluid 65 flowing into heat exchanger 10 is reduced. Bypass valve 74 may be pressure-operated.

System 100 has a second bypass valve 76 connected in parallel with second feed pump 72. When second bypass valve 76 is open, second feed pump 72 can draw fluid 65 from reservoir 64 by way of conduit 77. Opening second bypass valve 76 increases pressure at the input of second feed pump 72 and consequently increases the pressure within volume 20.

Many variations of system 100 are possible. Although two bypass valves are shown in FIG. 9 for maximum flexibility, one bypass valve connected in parallel with either one of pumps 70 or 72 or in parallel with heat exchanger 10 may be sufficient to permit pressure inside heat exchanger 10 to be maintained within a desired range. In addition, depending upon the construction of pumps 70 and 72 and the fluid flow properties of the circuit which includes conduits 67, 68 and heat exchanger 10 it may be possible to maintain the fluid pressure in volume 20 within the desired range without the need for bypass valves 74 and 76. Where bypass valves are provided it is not necessary that they be connected directly to reservoir 64 as illustrated. Other connections may be provided which have the result of maintaining pressures upstream and/or downstream from heat exchanger 10 at values which keep the pressure within volume 20 at a desired level while maintaining fluid flow through volume 20.

In some cases it may be convenient to provide a single reservoir 64 for providing heat exchange fluid for multiple heat exchangers 10. In such cases it is best to provide upstream and downstream pumps 70 and 72 for each heat exchanger 10. In the alternative, suitable manifolds, such as T-connectors, could be provided to allow a number of heat exchangers 10 to be connected in parallel between a single upstream pump system and a single downstream pump system.

FIG. 10 illustrates another fluid circulating system 100A. In system 100A, a first flow regulator 78 comprising a restrictor 80 and a bypass valve 82 is provided between first feed pump 70 and heat exchanger 10. Bypass valve 82 is connected in parallel with restrictor 80. When fluid 65 is flowing through flow regulator 78 then a pressure drop across flow regulator 78 depends upon the fluid flow rate and upon the degree to which bypass valve 82 is open.

System 61A has a second flow regulator 79 which includes a second flow restrictor 84 and a bypass valve 86. Bypass valve 86 is connected in parallel with restrictor 84. In system 100A, bypass valves 82 and 86 are adjustable. The fluid pressure within volume 20 can be controlled by adjusting one or both of bypass valves 82 and 86.

Some alternative embodiments of the invention lack one of flow regulators 78 and 79. When system 100A is connected to supply fluid 65 to a plurality of heat exchangers 10 it is preferable to provide for each heat exchanger 10 at least one adjustable flow regulator 78 or 79 located where only fluid going to or from that heat exchanger passes through the flow regulator. This permits the pressure within each heat exchanger 10 to be individually regulated. In the alternative, as described above, suitable manifolds may be provided to split the flow of fluid 65 between a number of heat exchangers 10 connected in parallel.

FIG. 11 illustrates another fluid circulating system 10B. In system 100B the pressure within volume 20 of heat exchanger 10 is controlled by adjusting the rate of operation of one or both of upstream and downstream feed pumps 70 and 72. In some embodiments of the invention a control system simultaneously increases the rate of operation of feed pump 70 and decreases the rate of operation of feed pump 72 or vice versa. The rate of operation of pumps 70 and 72 may be controlled by adjusting the rate of rotation of motors which drive the pumps, by adjusting displacements of the pumps, or the like.

In the illustrated embodiment, control is accomplished by operating a power splitter 88 (illustrated schematically by a potentiometer). Power splitter 88 can be operated to increase the speed of a motor driving pump 70 and to decrease the speed of a motor driving pump 72 or vice versa.

Systems 100, 100A and 100B may be automatically controlled using any suitable control system. For example, a controller may be provided to operate bypass valves and/or control pump speeds or displacements by way of suitable actuators (not shown) as necessary to control pressure within volume 20 to stay within a desired range. Those skilled in the art are familiar with suitable controllers. The controller may, for example, comprise a suitably programmed programmable controller or a hardware control circuit. One or more pressure sensors and/or flow sensors (not shown) may be included to provide feedback to the controller.

Any of cooling systems 100, 100A or 100B may be adapted for warming by replacing ice 66 with a suitable heating element which can be operated to warm fluid 65 in reservoir 64 to a desired temperature. Instead of ice 66, any of systems 100, 100A or 100B could include a refrigeration system to cool fluid 65.

Where a component (e.g. a member, assembly, element, device, circuit, etc.) is referred to above, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that component (including a reference to a “means”) should be interpreted as including as equivalents of that component any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. For example:

-   -   Thermally conductive members 14 may have any suitable shapes and         arrangements. Those illustrated herein are but examples.     -   Flexible material 30 may have different compositions in         different parts of a heat exchanger according to the invention.         Different suitable flexible materials 30 may be used for         material 30 in different parts of a heat exchanger.     -   A heat exchanger according to the invention is not necessarily         rectangular or parallel-sided. A heat exchanger according to the         invention could have other shapes. Heat exchangers according to         some currently preferred embodiments of the invention are         elongated and have fluid inlets and fluid outlets located in         areas at opposed ends of a long axis.         Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in         accordance with the substance defined by the following claims. 

1. A flexible heat exchange interface for use in a heat exchanger, the flexible interface comprising a plate of an elastomer material penetrated by a plurality of substantially rigid thermally conductive members, each of the plurality of thermally conductive members having a first enlarged pad on at least a first side of the plate.
 2. A flexible heat exchange interface according to claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of thermally conductive members project from a second side of the plate opposed to the first side of the plate.
 3. A flexible heat exchange interface according to claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of thermally conductive members has a second enlarged pad on a second side of the plate opposed to the first side of the plate.
 4. A flexible heat exchange interface according to claim 3 wherein at least one of the first and second enlarged pads is cramped around its edge against the elastomer material.
 5. A flexible heat exchange interface according to claim 3 wherein each of the plurality of thermally conductive members comprises first and second parts, the first part including the first pad and comprising a pin engaging a socket on the second part, the second part including the second pad.
 6. A flexible heat exchange interface according to claim 3 wherein at least one of the first and second enlarged pads comprises a plurality of projections, the projections projecting away from the plate.
 7. A flexible heat exchanger comprising: a volume having at least one inlet for receiving a heat exchange fluid and at least one outlet; and, a flexible plate essentially impermeable to the heat exchange fluid, the plate comprising a plurality of substantially rigid thermally conductive members extending through a flexible material of the plate from an outside surface of the plate into the volume.
 8. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the volume is defined between the plate and a flexible back wall spaced apart from the plate.
 9. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members are arranged in a rectangular array. 10 A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 9 wherein the thermally conductive members each comprise a generally rectangular pads on the outside surface of the plate.
 11. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members are arranged in a triangular array.
 12. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members are arranged to provide a plurality of substantially unbroken lines of the flexible material extending between the thermally conductive members.
 13. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members each have a thermal conductivity of at least 50 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹.
 14. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members each have a thermal conductivity of at least 100 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹.
 15. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 14 wherein the thermally conductive members are made of a material selected from the group consisting of: aluminum, copper, gold, silver, alloys of two or more of aluminum, copper, gold, or silver with one another and alloys of one or more of aluminum, copper, gold, or silver with one or more other metals.
 16. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 13 wherein the thermally conductive members are made of materials selected from the group consisting of: carbon, graphite, diamond, and sapphire.
 17. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein a plurality of the thermally conductive members covers at least 70% of an area of the outer side of the heat exchange plate.
 18. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the flexible material of the plate comprises an elastomer material and the thermally conductive members are embedded in the elastomer material.
 19. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 18 wherein the elastomer material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, natural rubber and a combination of two or more of polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, and silicone.
 20. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the thermally conductive members project into the volume.
 21. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 20 wherein the thermally conductive members project into the volume from the inner surface of the plate by distances of at least 3 mm.
 22. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the flexible material of the plate has a thermal conductivity not exceeding 5 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹.
 23. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein a plurality of the thermally conductive members each comprise an outer end comprising a pad on the outer side of the plate and an inner end projecting into the volume.
 24. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 23 wherein the inner end of each of the plurality of thermally conductive members comprises a plurality of spaced apart projections.
 25. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 23 wherein a plurality of the thermally conductive members each comprise a first part connected to the second part wherein the first and second parts define a circumferentially extending groove and the flexible material of the plate is received in the groove.
 26. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 23 wherein the inner end of each of the thermally conductive members is tubular, square, rectangular, cylindrical or spherical.
 27. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the outer surface has a concave curved configuration in the absence of bending forces acting on the heat exchanger.
 28. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the outer surface has a convex curved configuration in the absence of bending forces acting on the heat exchanger.
 29. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein a portion of the outer surface of the heat exchanger on which the thermally conductive members are disposed is dimensioned to be applied exclusively to an area of a subject's anatomy overlying a carotid artery of the subject.
 30. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein a total area of the thermally conductive members exposed on the outside surface of the plate exceeds a total cross sectional area of the thermally conductive members at a point where the cross sectional members enter the volume.
 31. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the volume is defined between a flexible rear wall and the flexible plate and the heat exchanger comprises spacing means for preventing the rear wall from collapsing against the flexible plate.
 32. A flexible heat exchanger according to claim 7 wherein the volume is defined between the flexible plate, a flexible rear wall made of the flexible material and flexible side walls made of the flexible material.
 33. A temperature control system comprising: a heat exchanger according to claim 7; a reservoir containing a heat exchange fluid; a first feed pump connected to feed the heat exchange fluid from the reservoir into the input of the heat exchanger; a second feed pump connected to withdraw the heat exchange fluid from the output of the heat exchanger.
 34. A system according to claim 33 comprising a controller connected to control operation of the first and second feed pumps to maintain a pressure of the heat exchange fluid within the volume within a desired range of an ambient air pressure outside the volume.
 35. A system according to claim 34 comprising an adjustable bypass valve connected in parallel with one of the first and second feed pumps wherein the controller is configured to operate an actuator to adjust the bypass valve.
 36. A system according to claim 33 comprising an adjustable bypass valve connected in parallel with one of the first and second feed pumps.
 37. A system according to claim 36 wherein the adjustable bypass valve is configured to be opened by a pressure differential across the bypass valve.
 38. A system according to claim 33 comprising a variable restriction connected between the heat exchanger and one of the feed pumps. 